Charles is more of a Social-Darwinist than a fascist, in a meaning that he is worse than a fascist.
Fascists do believe in social unity and togetherness at least within their polity even if they do not extend the same consideration to outsiders. Fascists do look at the world as us vs them and have not any mercy to outsiders, but still minded of wellbeing of their own kind. For example Nazis believed that continued existence of Jews and Poles are an impediment to the wellbeing of German race and therefore these two ethnic groups has to be exterminated and their property and land given to Germans. While that is inhuman towards Poles and Jews, it is actually conscious of German wellbeing and needs. It just aims to solve them as expense of others. Fascism is a form of stratocracy or a caste system.
In contrast Social-Darwinists do not believe in any kind of 'us' like the fascists do. They believe in so called 'law of the Jungle': might makes right, strong eat the weak and everyone is an enemy. There are people who are called sociopaths who act this way on individual level, however Social-Darwinists go one step further and believe that the whole society should be organized on the principals of sociopathy. In practice Social-Darwinism will lead to a lawless rule of a strongman type of people, who maintain their rule through strength and cunning and can make decisions entirely on personal whims.
Next is Schneizel. Your take on him is better than on the others. However while he is broadly conservative, but his views are not exactly the same as that of many other conservatives.
Generally modern conservatives are a broad enough group of people of vastly different social and political views. Some are as radical as Charles here and may be even worse. Others are more of a well off people of broadly liberal views who just do not want to be taxed, but otherwise have nothing in common with any of the above. As well as those who simply do not want any changes out of laziness and cautiousness as 'things might get worse so lets do nothing' or 'if its aint broken, do not fix it.'
Schneizel however has a unique, but rather radical believe that 'people want to be controlled' which is somewhat a polar opposite of freedom. Thus he aimed at creating a system that controls people by force of arms. If he truly believes that 'people want to be controlled' then he is typical religious type and will follow some oppressive religion like Christianity, Islam, Judaism or even some more radical cult that makes plenty of ridiculous rules for their followers to follow. Except he will make the rest of the world follow it as well on threat of death if their do not comply.
Of course it could also be that he simply says it out of convenience, as he is known to always say what is best to advance his own interests so he might not believe in any of that and just use it as a convenient ideology for him to take and maintain power. Lelouch called him hollow, as if Lelouch does not believe that Schneizel believes in anything at all. In contrast Schneizel said that Lelouch did not master the art of wearing a mask, as if Lelouch does not lie well enough to keep his intentions hidden well enough. Only someone a lot more dishonest than Lelouch could say something like that.
I will separately comment on Suzaku as he is a simply no-war type of person who will do anything to stop any wars. His mentality is simple: people die in wars so wars are bad and should be stopped no matter the cost. That of course completely overlooks all misery caused by evil oppressive rule as well as executions they may perpetrate. People die even if there is no any wars. However all 'no-war' zealots are too blind and narrow minded to realize something like that. Also most of them do not mind pain and suffering at all so it is near impossible to reason with them.
Then Nunnally and Euphy. Once again calling them liberals (in the US meaning of the word) is as misleading as calling Schneizel conservative. The US liberals is as broad of a group with vastly different views are conservatives are. In Europe Liberal is used broadly for the same thing as Libertarian in the US and they are not that.
Nunnally's views are not well covered in great details anywhere.
However, Euphy could be called Progressive, a kind of theoretical social-justice university-classroom grown ideology that aims to 'do the good thing'. What that 'good thing' is does depend on various trends and what not. Sometimes it is useful, sometimes it is not.
However I can agree that they lack understanding of broader situation and their ideas do nothing to address fundamental issues with the system.
At best they want to help as many people as they can and at worst simply pamper their own self image of trying to be 'a good person'.
Finally Lelouch. He surely has radical revolutionary views, however his views are different from these of the traditional leftists. They are different from even neo-leftists such as Alex Tsipras and Pablo Iglesias.
In fact despite he is a main character of Code Geass, there is surprisingly little information about his views. Overall he is not driven by any ideology at all. Nor does he actually even has a cohesive plan of what he will do to fix any of the issues.
He is driven in part by his ego and in part by his desire for revenge against the system that wronged him.
While he does not have clear idea what should replace this system, he has clear conviction that system as it is must be replaced with something better.
Lelouch has seen first hand many instances of current system failing not just himself but also many other people. All this experience gave him clear conviction that system must be changed.
However as Lenin once said: 'Revolutions happen when people just cannot keep on living just as before'.
Because of that Revolutions are often messy and chaotic. Since after overthrowing the goverment, they still have to figure out how to go on forward from there on.
However while way forward is not obvious, what is obvious is way back is no longer possible.
Lelouch and the rest of Black Knights members cannot live on just as before.
So all the conditions for the Revolution has been cleared.
They have no choice be to revolutionise the world.
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